Source:- Google.com.pk
A bikini is generally a two-piece swimsuit that comprises panties-style bottoms that cover at least a female's crotch and a bra-style top that covers at least her breasts, but which leaves her midriff exposed, and usually the navel and waist. The size of a bikini bottom can range from full pelvic coverage to a revealing thong or g-string design.
modern bikini was popularised by French engineer Louis Réard and separately by fashion designer Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946. The take up of the style was controversial, and many western countries banned it from beaches and public places, with the Vatican declaring it sinful.Popularized by filmstars like Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress it became common in most western countries by the mid-1960s. Though widely popular, the bikini continues to be controversial with it being banned in parts of the world, and even in western countries it is banned in schools and commonly covered in places away from the beach or swimming pool.
The original bikini style has developed in popular culture a positive connotation, giving raise to variations of the term being used to describe stylistic variations. These forms are used predominantly for promotional purposes and as an industry classification, but which are not of importance to the general public, and are described as variants of the bikini. These variants often use endings such as -kinis and -inis, such as microkini, tankini, trikini, pubikini, bandeaukini and skirtini. The term bikini and its derivatives have been liberally applied in contexts not related to its original use as a style of two-piece woman's swimwear. It may be used, for example, to describe a man's brief swimsuit or a style of men's and women's bikini-style underwear underwear, to bikini waxing, and in other contexts. A monokini refers to women's one-piece topless swimwear, while a sling bikini is a one-piece swimsuit, but with large parts cut out.
While the two-piece swimsuit as a design existed in classical antiquity, the modern design first attracted public notice in Paris on July 5, 1946. French mechanical engineer Louis Réard introduced a design he named the "bikini," taking the name from the Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, where, four days earlier, the United States had initiated its first peace-time nuclear weapons test as part of Operation Crossroads. Réard hoped his swimsuit's revealing style would create an "explosive commercial and cultural reaction" similar to the explosion at Bikini Atoll.His name for the garment stuck with the media and the public.
Through analogy with words, like bilingual and bilateral, containing the Latin prefix "bi-" (meaning "two" in Latin), the word bikini was first back-derived as consisting of two parts, [bi + kini] by Rudi Gernreich, who introduced the monokini in 1964.swimsuit designs like the tankini and trikini further cemented this false assumption.Over time the "–kini family" (as dubbed by author William Safire, including the "–ini sisters" (as dubbed by designer Anne Cole), expanded into a variety of swimwear, often with an innovative lexicon, including the monokini (also numokini or unikini), seekini, tankini, camikini, hikini (also hipkini), minikini, and microkini.
Annette Kellerman reclines on diving board wearing her self-designed form-fitting swimwear, 1909
Academy Award winner actress Jane Wyman lounging on a California beach, 1935, wearing a two-piece swimsuit
Swimming or bathing outdoors were discouraged in the Christian West, and so there was little demand or need for swimming or bathing costume until the 18th century. The bathing gown of the 18th century was a loose ankle-length full-sleeve chemise-type gown made of wool or flannel, so that modesty or decency was not threatened.
In 1907, Australian swimmer and performer Annette Kellerman was arrested on a Boston beach for wearing a form-fitting sleeveless one-piece knitted swimming tights that covered her from neck to toe, a costume she adopted from England,although it became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910. In 1913, inspired by the introduction of females into Olympic swimming, the designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two-piece swimwear, a close-fitting one-piece with shorts on the bottom and short sleeves on top.
During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from "taking in the water" to "taking in the sun," at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features. Rayon was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits, but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic;jersey and silk were also sometimes used.By the 1930s, manufacturers had lowered necklines in the back, removed sleeves, and tightened the sides. With the development of new clothing materials, particularly latex and nylon, through the 1930s swimsuits gradually began hugging the body, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning.
Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure. Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public.Hollywood endorsed the new glamor in films like Neptune's Daughter in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child".Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and rubber. In 1942 the United States War Production Board issued Regulation L-85, cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing and mandating a 10% reduction in the amount of fabric in women's beachwear. To comply with the regulations, swimsuit manufacturers produced two-piece suits with bare midriffs. The fabric shortage continued for some time after the end of the war.
Mecheline Bernardini modeling Réard's bikini. It was so small it could fit into a small 2 by 2 inches (51 by 51 mm) box like the one she is holding. July 5, 1946
At about the same time, Louis Réard created his own competing two-piece swimsuit design, which he called the bikini.Réard's bikini topped Heim's atome in brevity. His costume was created in the form of a bra and two triangular pieces connected by strips of material, slicing the top off Heim's bottoms, with a total area of 30 square inches (200 cm2) of cloth with newspaper-type print, which was advertised as "smaller than the smallest swimsuit". After not being able to find a model willing to showcase his revealing design,Réard hired Micheline Bernardini, a 19-year old nude dancer from the Casino de Paris. Bernardini received 50,000 fan letters, many of them from men.
Réard said that "like the [atom] bomb, the bikini is small and devastating".Fashion writer Diana Vreeland described the bikini as the "atom bomb of fashion". In advertisements he declared the swimsuit couldn't be a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring."French newspaper Le Figaro wrote, "People were craving the simple pleasures of the sea and the sun. For women, wearing a bikini signaled a kind of second liberation. There was really nothing sexual about this. It was instead a celebration of freedom and a return to the joys in life." The early success of Bikini is partly attributed to post-war fabric rationing.
Réard's design was a hit and his business soared in France. According to WordIQ.com, it took fifteen years for the bikini to be accepted in the United States. In 1951 bikinis were banned from the Miss World Contest. In 1957, however, Brigitte Bardot's bikini in And God Created Woman created a market for the swimwear in the US, and in 1960, Brian Hyland's pop song Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini inspired a bikini-buying spree. The bikini finally caught on, and by 1963, the movie Beach Party, starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon, led a wave of films that made the bikini a pop-culture symbol. Though Heim's design was the first worn on the beach, it was Réard's description of the two-piece swimsuit as a bikini that stuck.As the style gained world-wide acceptance, the term became a generic or common name for a two-piece swimsuit, instead of the original use as a brand name.
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